With the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918), the British Empire aimed to secure German colonies in Africa to eliminate potential threats to its territories. German South West Africa, bordered by British-controlled South Africa, became an immediate target. The Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, was tasked with leading the campaign.
During September 1914, Union Defense Forces under the command of General H.T. Lukin were disembarking at Port Nolloth, to establish a post that would support the larger British campaign against the Germans. Controlling Sandfontein was strategically crucial as it was the only dependable water source within the arid landscape of southern modern-day Namibia. Sandfontein, however, was a dangerous choice of position. Located in an arid and isolated area, it was a natural trap. The lack of water sources and the rugged desert terrain made it difficult to supply and reinforce, a vulnerability that the Germans, led by Lieutenant Colonel Joachim von Heydebreck quickly identified.
Germany's forces in the region, though smaller in number, were well-trained and familiar with the harsh desert environment. German Schutztruppe and their commanders were aware of the South African incursion, and they executed a coordinated encirclement of the South African forces, effectively trapping Lukin’s men in the valley. General Lukin received reports of increased German troop mobilisation towards Sandfontein. In response, he ordered Lieutenant Colonel R. C. Grant to reinforce Captain E. J. Welby’s 2nd Squadron, who had already been in Sandfontein since 24 September. Grant's force included the Transvaal Horse...
